When Things Might Get Fishy with Meat
Halachah states that it is a sakanah (danger) to eat fish with meat, and relates that eating them together can cause tzora’as (leprosy) chas v’shalom. We are careful not to mix meat and fish products, though we are permitted to eat them separately at the same meal. Indeed, it is the custom on Shabbos and Yom Tov to eat both at the seudah (festive meal).
We eat the fish course before the meat at a seudah on Kabbalistic grounds, but it is also suggested by the Rambam for medical reasons: we should eat lighter foods—in this instance, fish—before heavier ones (meat) to facilitate digestion. To assure that we do not cause a crossover between fish and meat when we eat them at the same meal, there are a number of practices recorded in halachic sources:
Some poskim say that kinuach v’hadachah (wiping or rinsing) of the mouth is required between fish and meat, while others maintain we are obligated le’echol v’lishtos (to eat and drink) in between. (Some have the custom of drinking liquids other than water after fish, as there are sources that state that drinking water after fish is a health risk.)
The Mechaber (Compiler [of the Shulchan Aruch]) requires washing hands between fish and meat, whereas the Remah (Rabbi Moshe Isserles, primary commentary on the Shulchan Aruch for Ashkenazim) does not deem washing up to be necessary. Practically, each individual—depending on their manner of eating—should determine whether their hands touched the fish and need to be washed.
According to the letter of the law, fish and meat may both remain on the table at the same time. However, some are machmir (stringent) to remove dishes containing fish before serving the meat course.
(See Halachah #19 and Halachah #77 concerning cooking fish and meat.)
ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจ
ืื ื, ืื ืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืดืฃ ืืืจืืืดื (ืืืืืงืื), ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื, ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืดืข ืืืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืกืดื ืืืืืดื ืกืงืืดื ืกืดื (ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื) ืืืฉืืดืข ืืืืดื ืืืณ ืฉืืืจืช ืืืดื ืกืืกืดื (ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืช. ืืืืขืืจ ืขืดื ืฉืื ืื ืืืณ ืืืกืืจ).
ืืจืื ืืืจืืฉื ืืืดื ืฉื ืกืงืดื ืืคืืณ ืืณ ืืืดื ืฉื ืืืงืืจ ืืขื ืื (ืืคืกืืื ืขื, ื - ืฉืืืื ืฉืืกืืจ ืืคืืื ืืฉื ืฆืื ืืื, ืืฉืดื ืืฉื ืชืขืจืื ืืืืคื ืื ืืืขืื ืขืดื ืืืืืชื). ืืืคืืดืจ ืฆืขืดืง ืืจืืดื ืฉื ืกืดื, ืืืืดื ืฉื ืกืงืดื (ืืืืดื ืืืจืื ืกืงืดื), ืืื ืืืงืืจ ืืืืจืื, ืืืืืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืื ืคืดื ืกืชืฉืดื , ืฉืืืืกืืจ ืจืง ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืณ ืฉืืืื ืชื ืืืืจ - ืืฉืืดื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืณ ืฉืืืชืจ ืืืืืื ืจืง ืืืืืดื, ืืฉืืดื ืืืืืชื ืืื. ืืขืืดื ืฆืดื ืืชืืดื ืฉืื ืืื ืขื ืกืืดื. ืืืณ ืืืจืืื ืืจื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื. ืืฆืดืข ืืืืื ื. ืืืืคืดื ืฉืืืืดื ืืดื ืืื, ืืืืืื ื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืืืืชื ืืืดื, ืืื ืฉืืื ื [ืืกืืจ] ืืืืืดื ืืื ื ืืืดื - ืฉืืคืดื ืฆืดื ืืืืข ืืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฉืชืืช ืืืื ืืงืื ืื ืืืืื (ืืืืงืื) ืื ืืื ืืื ืกืื ื. ืืืืืืณ ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืขืช ืืืืืืจืื. ืืื ืืืจื ืงืฆืช ืืณ ืืจืืดื: ืืืดื ืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืณ. ืืืืงืืจื ืืืดื ืืณ ืืงืื ืืคืจืืฉืื ืืฆื ืืขืื ืืืงื, ืขืืืดืฉ. ืืืดื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืฆื ืืืื ืฉืืกืื ื ืจืง ืืืืฉืื ืืื. ืืื ืืดื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืืดื ืืืืช ืืืืจืืช. ืืืณ ืืืืืฉ ืกืดื: ืืืืืื ืืืืดื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืจืืืฅ ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืกืื ื ืืดื. ืื ืืฆื ืฉืืฉ ืืณ ืืืืงืืช: ืกืื ื ืืืฉ ืืืืืืชื ืืืื; ืืืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืืดื; ืืืืืืดื ืืื ืืืืฉ ืืืดืฆ ืจืืืฆื ืืืืณ, ืืืดื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืืณ.
ืืืคืืขื, ืขืื ืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืืืฉืื. ืืืดื ืืฉืืดืช ืฉืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืดืช ืกืืณ ืงืกื, ืืืืื ืืืจืืดืช ืกืงืดื, ืืืฉืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืื, ืืขืืืดืฉ ืืฉืดื ืืคืืณ ืืณ ืืจืืดื. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืคืจื ืืืืื ืืดื ืกืืดื. ืืืชืจ ืขื ืื, ืืฉืืดื ืฉืขืืดื ืขืจื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืฆืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืฉื (ืืืื ืืคืกืืง ืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืณ, ืืืืงืื). ืืจืื ืืฉืืดืช ืืชืดืก (ืืืงืื) ืืกืืดื, ืฉืืณ ืืืืดืค, ืืืืงื ืขืดื ืฆืืืณ ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืื ืืขืื, ืืื ืขืดื ืขืืจืื [ืฉืขืืจื ืืจืง ืืืื ืื ืืชืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืฆืื ื ืืกืืจื ืืฉืืื ืฉื ืงืจืฉ] ืืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืืจื, ืขืืืดืฉ ืืคืจืืืืช.
ืืื ื, ืืืืณ (ืฉื) ืืงืฉืื ืืจืืื (ืืฉืืื ืจืง ืืฆืืืณ ืืืื) ืืืืดื. ืืืคืืณ ืืดื - ืคืืจืดื ืืจืฉืดื: ืฆืจืขืช. [ืืืณ ืืดื ืฉื ืงืื - ืจืื ืคืืจืฉืดื ืฉืืช ืงืื, ื ืืดื ืงืฉื. (ืืืืขืืจ ืืจืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืื, ืื). ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืฉื ืืฉืืขืื ืืืดื ืกืืดื. ืืืืื, ืื ืืืข ืืืื ืื ืืดื ืืืืืจ - ืจืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืณ ืืจืืืืืช ืกืงื ืดื ืกืืดื]. ืืื ืจืื ืืกืืจ ืืื ืคืกื ืืื ืืงืืื (ื ืืณ ืืืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืชืฉืกืดื) ืฉืืดื ืฉืงืฉื ืืืดื - ืืืื ื ืืชืฉืืดื (ืืืืดื ืืคืืณ ืืดื).
ืืืฉืืดืช ืชืืจืช ืืกื ืืืดืข ืกืดื ืฉืืื ืกืื ื ืกืืืืืช. (ืืขืคืดื ืจืดื ืืืชืืจ ืืกืคืง ืืืืืณ). ืืขืืดื ืืฉืืดืช ืืืจืฉืดื ืืดื ืกืจืดื ืฉืืื ื ืขืดืค ืื ืืื ืฉืดืข, ืืดื ืืืจื ืกืืืื. ืืืืขืืจ ืืฉืืดืช ืืืืืดื ืืดื ืืืืืดื ืกืงืฆืดื ืืฉืืื ืืืืงื ืืืจืก ื ืืฉ.
ืืืืื ืืืื ื ืกืงืืดื ืืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืงืณ ืืืดื (ืคืกืืื ืงืื, ื), ืืื ืืฆืื ื ืฉืืกืจืื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืื ืื ืดื ืืฉืืดืข ืืืืดื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืฉืจ. ืืืืืดื ืฉืืืืื ืืืชืืจ ืืืณ ืืจืืดื ืืื ืกืดื ืฉืืืืจ ืืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืกืื ื. ืืืฉืืดืช ืื ืืดื ืืดื ืกืขืดื (ืืดื ืืื ื ืืืืืณ) ืจืดื ืฉืืดื ืกืื ืช ืืืชื.
ืืืฉืดื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืฉื ืืืงืฉืืช ืขืืฉืดื ืืืดื ืืขื ืื ื ื ืืืืืจื ืกืื ืชื ืืืืกืืจื, ืฉืฆืจืขืช ืืื ื ืืืืจ ืกืื ื - ืืืืดืข ืืืจืืณ ืืจืืืช ืคืดื ืืดื: ืื ืืืืช ืืื. ืืื ืฉืืดื ืืืืืืื ืงืืืื ืืืณ. ืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืืดื ืืฉื. ืืื ืจืื ืืชืืืืช ืกื, ื ืฉืืืชืจ ืืืืื ืืืืจ ืืืดื. ืืืฉืืืดืง ืฉื ืืฉื ืืจืืดื ืืืชืืจ ืืืื ืฉืืช. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืดื ืกื ืดื ืืฉืดื ืืืืฉื. ืืขืืืดืฉ ืืืจืืื, ืฉืจืดื ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืื ืืืฉืจ ืืดื ืืืืจืืช ืืขืืื (ืืฃ ืฉืืกืืดื ืืกืงืืดื ื ืื ืงืฆืช ืืื). ืืขืื ืืืืดืข ืืืชืืืืช ืขื, ื ืืคืืจืฉืดื ืืดื ืืืืื ืืืณ ืฉืืฉ ืืฉืฉ ืืืขืื ืจืืชื ืื ืงืืืช ืืงืจืื. ืืื ื, ืืณ ืงืฆืช ืฉืืจืฉืดื ืื ืคืืณ ืืขืื ืจืืชื ืืกืื ืฆืจืขืช. ืืื ืฉืืคืืณ ืืฆืืจืข ืืฉืื ืืืช - ืืืืดืข ืืฉืืดืช ืืืจืดื ืืจืืื ืืืจื ืืดืง ืกืงืืดื. ืืจืื ืจืฉืืืืช ืืืณ ื. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืืดื ืืดื ืืืดื ืกืดื.
ืืืืืกืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืขืืฃ, ืืืืืื ืืชืืดื ืืื ื ืกืืดื. ืืดื ืืืดื ืกืดืข ืกืงืดื. ืฉืดื ืฉื ืกืงืืดื. ืืืฃ ืฉืืฉืืดืช ืื ืืืืื ืขืืืืฉ ืืืดื ืกืืดื ืืณ ืฉืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืงื ืืืฉืจ ืขืืฃ, ืขืืืดืฉ ืืขืื, ืืื ืืฉืืดืช ืฉืืืดื ืืดื ืกืืณ ืงื (ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืดืค ืืฉืืดืข ืืืดื ืฉื ืืืคืชืดืฉ ืกืงืดื), ืืืง ืขืืื, ืืืณ ืฉืื ืืคืืกืงืื ืจืืฉืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืง ืื. ืืืืืื ืื ืืืื ืดื. ืืจืื ืืจืืดื ืืฉืืืดื ืกืงืดื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืืืจ. ืืืดื ืืคืืดื ืืืดื ืฉื ืืืดื ืกืงืดื. ืขืจืืืดืฉ ืกืดื. ืืขืื. (ืืืืขืืจ ืืจืืืืดื ืืืืื ืงืื, ื. ืืืดื ืืื ืงืื ืืขื ืื ืกืื ื). ืืืคืืณ ืืฉืืื ืขืืฃ - ืฉืืืดื ืฉื. ืคืืดื ืฉื. ืืืืดื, ืฉืืคืืณ ืืชืืฉืื ืฉื ืชืืฉื ืขื ืืฉืจ. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืงืดื ืืืืืดื ืืืดื ืกืดื.
ืืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืื - ืจืื ืืืืจืืดื ืืืื ืืืดื ืกืงืดื ืืืื ืฉืืคืืืืช ืฉื ืื. ืืื ืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืงืดื ืืดื ืกืดืข ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืื. ืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืืจ ืชืืจื ืชืฉืจื ืชืฉืขืดื.
ืืื ื, ืืฉืืดืช ืืืจ ืฉืืข ืกืืดื (ืืืขื ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืดืฃ ืืจืืืดื) ืฉืืื ืจืง ืืืืื ืช ืืื, ืืขืื ืฉืืื ืจืง ืืืื ืืณ (ืืื ืืชื) ืฉืืื ื ืืฆืื ืืื ืื ื ืืื. (ืืขืืดื ืืชื ืืฉืืดืช ืืชืดืก ืืืงืื (ืืื ืฉืืชืดืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืืง. ืืื ืืกืืดื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืกืืจื ืื ืืืืดืค. ืืขืืฆืดื ืฉืืืื ืชื ืฉืืืืง ืืืืฉื ืื ืืืณ ืืจืืืดื ืฉืืฉืืืื. ืืจืื ืื ืคืืณ ืืขืื ืื ืื ืืืกืณ ืืื ืจืืชื ืคืดื (ืืดื ืืขืื ืืืืดื) ืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉื ืขืืดื. ืืืขืืดื ืืงืฆืืืดืฉ ืกืืดื ืืืืืดืฉ ืกืงืืดื). ืืืดื ืืืืืืช ืืชืดืก ืืฉืืดืข ืืืดื ืฉื ืกืงืดื. ืืื ืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืจื ืืื ืกืืกืืณ ืงืขื). ืืืืืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืกืงืดื ืืชื ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืืดื ืืื ื ืกืื ื ืืดื ืืืื ืืคื ืืืข ืืืจืฆืืช. ืืจืื ืืจืืดื ืกืดื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืื ืกืงืดื. ืืื ืืฉืืดืช ืฉืืืดื ืืดื ืกืดืข (ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืืดืค ืฉื) ืฉืืื ืืกืืื ืขืืืืดื ืืืงื (ืืืดื, ืขืืืดืฉ ืฉืืฆืจืฃ ืกืืจืชื ืืกื ืืฃ ืืืงื). ืืจืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืกืฃ (ืขืจื ืกืขืืื - ืื, ืกืขืดื) ืืืืจืื ื ืฉืชื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืืจืืขืืชื. ืืขืืดื ืืื ืืืืดื ืืืดื ืฉื ืกืงืดื. ืืืืขืืจ ืฉืื ืืืืดื ืืดื ืจืง ืืืืดืค, ืืื ื ืืืจ ืืืฉืื ื ืืืืชืื ืดืฉืืื ื ืกืื ื ืืดืืด. ืืืฉืืดืช ืืชืดืก ืืืดื ืกืืณ ืงื, ืืืื ืืคืชืดืฉ ืฉื ืกืงืดื, ืฉืืจืืืดื ืืืข ืืืืื ืฉื ืฉืชื ื ืืืืขืืื ืืขื ืื ืื, ืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืกืืื ืขืดื ืืขืฉืืช ืืขืฉื, ืืืคืฉืจ ืืืืดื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืกืจ ืืื ืื, ืืดื ืืจืืืื ื ืฉืืฆื ืืชืืจืช ืืืืจื ืกืื ืชื, ืืืฉืชื ืืืืช ืืืื ืกืื ืชื, ืืืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืงื ืืจืื ื. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืจืดื ืฉืืง ืืืดื ืกืจืืดื. ืืืจื ืืืืืื ืฉื (ืืกื ืืฃ ืืืชืืจื). ืืืืขืืจ ืืฉืืดืช ืืืจืฉืดื ืืดื ืกืงืืดื ืืกืืคื, ืฉืืืื ืฉืืดื ืืดื ืืฉื ืกืณ ืืงื ื ืฉืืืจ ืืืฃ ืืืืืฉื ืืืื ืืกืื ื. ืืืืดื ืืฉืืดืช ืืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืดื ืกืืดื. ืืขืื. ืืื ืืฉืืดืช ืืืจืฉืดื ืืชืดืฉ ืฉืื ืจืืื ืืคื ืื. ืืืืืืื ืืจืืจ ืฉืืื ื ืืกืณ ืืงื ื ืฉืืคื ืื ื.
ืืกืืจ ืืืืืชื - ืื ื ืืืื ื ืืื ืงืคืืื (ืจืื ืชืฉืืดืฅ ืงืื ืกืชืงืดื . ืืืื ืกืืดื. ืืขืื). ืืืืจืื - ืืืณ ืืจืืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืณ ืืืืืจ ื' ืฉืืงืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื. ืืืืืช, ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืข ืืืื ืืืืชื. ืืจืื ืืืฆืจ ืื ืืืืื ืกืดืข. (ืืื ืฉืืชืื - ืืืืงื ืขืืดืค - ืฉื ืืณ ืืคื ืกืืจ ืืฉืืืืชื. ืืืืขืืจ ืืคืืจืฉืดื ืคืื ืืก ืคืืดื, ืื ืืืืคืจืฉื ืจืฉืดื ืฉื (ืขืดืค ืืืืื ืคื, ื ืืืคืืจืฉืดื ืืชืืกืณ ืฉื. ืืขืืืดืฉ ืืืื ืืืื). ืืืืดื. ืืจืื ืืืงื ืืืืืื ืขื ืชื ืื ืืืืดืง ืกืืดื. ืืจืื ืจืื ืืืื ืคืืืื ืกืงืดื ืืคืืณ ืืฉืื ืืืืืจ. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืืืจืฉืดื ืืดื ืืืดื ืกืดื ืื ืืกืื ื ืื ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืจ. ืืืฉืืดืช ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืกืคืดื, ืืืฉืืืจื ืืขืืื ืขื ืฉืืืจืช ืื ืคืฉ ืืืช ื ืกืงืดื, ืืืืืฆืจ ืื ืืืืื ืฉื, ืฉืืืืื ืื ืืืืดื ืืฉืจ ืืดืฆ ื ืืืื ืืื ืืื. ืืื ื ืืฉืดื ืื ืดื (ืืืดื ืืืขืืืดื ืขื ืื ื ืฉืืช ืขืณ ืงืื) ืืืืืง ืื ืืืณ ืชืฉืืดืฅ ืงืื ืื ืดื - ืืื ื ืืืืจื). ืืื ืืืฉืดืฉ ืืืืื ืคืดื ืกืดื: ืื ืืืคืื. ืืืดื ืืืงืืดื ืกืืณ ืงืขื. ืงืฆืืจ ืฉืืดืข ืกืืดื ืกืดื. ืืขืื. ืืืืขืืจ ืืกืณ ืืื ืืื ืืืณ ืกืขืืื: ืืื ืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ืชืืฉืื ืฉื ืื ืืชืืฉืื ืฉืดื.
ืืืืืฃ ืืื ืื ืฉืืงืืืืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืฉืจ - ืจืื ืืืงืืดื ืฉื ืืงืืฆืืจ ืืืืืช. ืขืจืืืดืฉ ืืืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืกืดื. ืืขืดื ืืจืคืืื (ืขืดืค ืจืืืดื ืืขืืช ืคืดื ืืดื) - ืจืื ืืคืดื ืืืดื ืกืืณ ืงื ื ืกืงืดื ืืฉื ืืืงืื ืจืืืื ื. ืืืดื ืฉื ืกืงืืดื. ืืขืืดื ืืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืฉืดืค ืชืฉืืดื ืืชืืืืชื. (ืืื ืืืืืดืช ืืืงืื, ืฉืืฆื ืืจืคืืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืงืืื ืฉืงื ืืืชืขืื. ืืฆืขืดืง). ืืจืื ืชืืืื ืชืืืืื ืขืืฉืดืก ืขืณ ืฉื (ืขืดืค ืืดื ืขื, ื). ืคืชืฉืื ืืืช ืืคืืณ ืืคืืื ืืชืืฉืืณ ืืืขืืืชื ืื, ื. ืฉืขืจ ืืช ืจืืื ืฉื - ืขืืดื ืืืืืดื. ืืืดื ืืคื ื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืืืช. ืืืืดื ืฉืื ืฉื ืืจื ืงืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชืจ (ืืดื ืืกื ืืืจืื ืื, ื. ืืจืื ืืืงืดืจ ืจืดืค ืชืืจืืข. ืืืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืดืจ ืื, ื. ืืจืื ืื ืืื ืคืณ ืืจืื ืืกืืคื. ืขืืจ ืืื ืืืช ืืืจื ืืืจ ื ืกืดืง ืงืื. ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืืดืจ ืื, ื. ืืืืขืืจ ืืคื ืื ืืคืืช ืคืณ ืฆื ืืดื ืขืื ืืืจื). ืืืืืดื, ืืืคืฉืืืช, ืฉืื ืฉื ืืจื ืงืืื ืืืืืื ืงืืื.
ืืขืดืค ืืืดื - ืืงืืดืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืดื ืื ืืช ืื ืืื (ืื, ื). ืืืืจื ืืืืดื ืชืงืกื ืืดื ืขืณ ืชืจืฆ. ืชืงืกื ืขืณ ืงืฆื. ืื ืืืช ืืจืดืค ืขืณ ืคื. ืืืืดืช ืืืขืืืชื ืืดื ืขืณ ืืณืชืงืคื. ืฉืืืช ืืื ืฉืืืช ืชืฉืืดื. ืืืืขืืจ ืื ืืืืดื ืฉืดื ืืืจื ืกืืดื. ืืื ืื ืืขืชืดื, ืืืืชื ืืคื ื ืฉืืจ ืืืจ - ืจืื ืฉืืืช ืืืฆืื ืืดื ืืขืืืจ ืชืฉืืดื. ืืืืขืืจ ืืฉืืืช ืฉืดืค ืืจืืฉืืช (ื) ืชื ืฉืดื ืขืดื ืืืคืกืง ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฉืืจ ืืืจ, ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ.
ืืืืืคื ืืืคืกืง - ืจืื ืืืืฉืืดืข ืืจืืดื ืืืดื ืืืืดื ืฉื. ืื ืืจื ื ืืจื ืืคืฉืืืณ. [ืืืืดื ืฉื ืืื ืจืืืชืื ื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืื ืืืฆืขืืื. ืืืืขืืจ ืืกืืืดื ืขืณ 41. ืืจืื ืขืืจื ืืืืฉื ื ืขืณ 70. ืจื ืืืจืืื ืขืณ 6. ืืงืืฉ ืืื ืืดื ืขืณ 386. ืืืื ืืืกืืื ืืดื ืกืดืข ืค. ืฉื ืขืณ ืงืฆื. ืืชืงืฉืจืืช ืืืณ ืชืจืื. ืืขืื. ืืจืื ืืืกืืคืจ ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืื - ืฉืืืดืก ืืดื ืข 156. ืืจืื ืืืคืดื ืืดื ืกืงืืดื ืกืงืดื ืฉืืชืดื ืืดื ืืืืจ ืืืืื ืื ืืดื]. ืืืคืจืดืช ืกืงืดื, ืฉืืืืขืื ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืฉืืงื ืืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืจืืืฅ ืืืื, ืฉืืกืชืื ืืฉ ืฉืืขืืจ ืืืืื.
ืืืืดื ืฉืชืืื ืืืืคื ืืืืืื ืืืคื ืื - ืจืื ืืงื ืืืฉืจ ืขืณ 35 ืืืืคื ืฉื ืืชื ืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืื. ืืืคืจืดืช ืกืงืดื: ืื ืืฆืืืืช ืืืืื ื ืืืืช ืืืณ ืืืื ืืืืง ืฉืจื. ืืืืคืดื ืืดื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืจืืืฅ ืืคื ืืืืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืฆืจ ืฉื ืืื ืจืื ืืืืื. ืืจืื ื ืืจ ืืฆืจืื (ืืืืดื ืืืืช ืกืื ื ืกืืดื) ืืืขื ืื ืืืื ืฉืจืืื ืฉื ืืืขืื ืืืืื. ืืืคืฉืืืช, ืืดื ืืืืืืช - ืืืดื ืืืฉืดื ืืื (ืจืื ืขืืดื ืืืจืืฉื ืกืงืดื, ืืฃ ืืืืืจื ืกืื ืชื. ืืืคืจืดืช ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืืจ ืืืกืืจืื) - ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ื ืืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื ื ื ืืืข ืืืืื, ืฉืืดื ืืจืืดื ืืืดื ืกืคืดื ืกืดื (ืขืืดืค ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืฉืดื ืืชืืฉืื ืฉื ืืืื ื). ืขืจื ืืื ืืืดื ืฉื ืกืดื ืืฉื ืืฉ ืืงืืืื, ืืืืื ื ืืืจ ืืฉืจ, ืืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืจืืคื (ืืื ืืดื: ื ืจ ืืคื). ืคืจืดื ืฉื ืกืงืดื. ืขืจืืืดืฉ ืกืดื. ืฉื ืกืืดื. ืืื ืืคืืดื ืฉื ืืฉืดื ืกืงืดื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืืจ ืฉืืืดื ืืืจืื. ืืืดื ืืืจืืดื ืฉื ืกืงืืดื ืฉืื ืืื ืื, ืืืืดื ืืืืดื ืกืงืืดื. ืืืดื ืขืืืื ืืดื ืฉืื ืืืดื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืจื ืืืช ืื ืืืืืฉ). ืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืจ (ืงืืืืจื ื) ืืืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืกืืดื ืืฉืืข ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืื, ืขืดื ืืกืื. (ืืืฉืดื ืืชืืืืชื ืืืงื ืืืืดื - ืืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืฉื ืจืฉืืช ืืืฉ, ืืื ืชืืฉืื ืืชืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืื ืฉืดื, ืืืืืดื. ืืฆืดื).
ืืื ื ืืจืืดื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืช ืืืื ืงืื ืื ืืืืื. ืืขืืฆืดื ืืืื ืื ืื ืงืืืจ, ืืฆืดื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืดืฉ, ืืืื ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืืดืข ืืขืื ืืื ื ืืกืคืดื ืกืดื. ืืื ืืืื ืคืช ืฉืจืืืณ ืืืฉืงื, ืขืืื ืืืงืื ืงืื ืื ืืืืื (ืคืืดื ืกืคืดื ืืฉืดื ืกืงืืดื ืืขื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืื ื. ืืื ืืกืืื ืฉื ืืืณ ืืืืืฉ ืฉื ืกืดื, ืฉืืื ืืขืฉืืช ืืดื ืืคืดืข). ืืขืคืดื ืืดืฉ ืฉืืจืืดื ืืืกืืฃ ืขื ืืณ ืืืืืจ ืืืืืืจ ืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืื, ืฉืืืืืจ ืื ืืฆืจืื ืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืณ ืืืืื ืคืช ืฉืจืื ืืืื. ืืขืฆืดืข ืืืฉืดื ืืจืืดื ืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืืฅ ืืคื, ืฉืืจื ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ื ืจืืืฅ ืคืื, ืืดื ืืืื ืคืช ืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืจืืืฅ ืคืื, ืืืืื ื ืฉืขืืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืืื, ืืืจืืดื ืฉืืชื ืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืืืื, ืืืดื ืืื ื ืคืงืดื ืืื. ืืื ืืกืชืืจ ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืืดื ืฆืดื ืงืื ืื ืืืืื, ืืืืดื ืืคืดืข, ืื ืืฆื ืื ืฉืืืืจืช ืขืืื ืืืงืื ืืณ ืืงืืช ืขืืื ืืืงืดื, ืืงืืื ืืืืจื. ืืืืืืณ ืืณ ืงืฆืช ืืืืื ืช ืืืืจืื, ืฉืืืืืจ ืืืงืืง ืืืื ืืืงื ืื ืืืืืช ืคืช ืฉืจืืืณ, ืืื ืกืื ืืืณ ืืฉืชืืณ ืืขืืื. ืืฆืดืข ืื ืดื ืื. ืืฆืดื. ืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืณ, ืฆืืดืข ืืืฉืดื ืืืืืดื ืืื ืกื ืกืืกืดื, ืืืืดื ืืืฉื ืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืืฉืขืืดืฆ ืกืงืดื, ืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืื, ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื, ืืืืืจืื ื ืืื ืืืดื - ืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืงืื ืื. ืืืฉืดื ืืฉืืดื ืฉื ืืืคืกืืง ืืืฉืงื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืชื - ืคืฉืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืืชืืจื, ืชืืกืคืช ืขื ืืขืืงืจ, ืืืื ืื ืกืื, ืืืืื ื ืฉื ืืกืฃ ืื ืืดื ืืงืื ืื ืืืืื - ืกืดื ืฉืืฉืชื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืขื ืืืฆืืืืื.
ืืื ื ืืชืืืดื ืืืืจื ืืืดืง ืื, ื (ืืืื ืืืืืืช ืจืขืงืดื ืืื) ืฉืชืืคืกืื ืกืื ื ืืฉืชืืช ืืื, ืืฉืื ื ืฉืชื ื ืืืืขืื ืืืื ืืฉืดืก. ืืจืื ืืฉืดื ืืคืกืงื ืชืืกืณ ืฉื. ืืืืจ ืจืื ืืื ืืคืืจืดื ืฉื: ืืืืชื ืืขืช ืืืืืชื ืืงืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืจืืคืืื ืืฉืชืืื ืืืื ืฉืชื ืืืจืื ืืื. ืืืชืืกืืจืืดืฉ ืฉื: ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ. ืืจืื ืืคืืณ ืจืดืฉ ืื ืืืชืื ืฉื. ืืขืืืดืข ืืกืดื ืืขืืช ืคืดื ืืืดื.
ืืขืคืดื ืืณ ืืืืืืดืจ ืืฆืดื ืืกืคืจื ืฉืืดื ืขืงืฆืฉืืดืข ืกืืดื ืกืงืดื ืืืขื ืืื ืื ืืฉืชืืช ืืืดืฉ ืืืงื (ืจืื ืืฉื ืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืืฉืขืืดืฆ ืกืงืืดื. ืกืืดืฉ ืชืจืฆืดื ืขืณ 189. ืืืืขืืจ ืืกืืดืฉ ืชืจืคืดื ืกืดืข 115). ืืื ื ืืื ืืจ ืืืจื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืื ืชื, ืฉืืืืณ ืฉื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื, ืฉืืืจื ืืื ืืืจื, ืืืดื ืืืดืค ืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืฉืืจ ืืดื. ืืืืืกืืฃ, ืฉืืืื ืจืืฉืื ืื (ืขืจืื ืขืจื ืืืืจ. ืคืืจืดื ืฉื. ืจืืืืดื ืกืชืชืืดื. ืืขืื) ืืืืณ: ืืืจื ืืื ืฉืืืจื. ืืืดื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจ (ืืฉืืื ืื ืืื) ืืกืคืงื ืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืข ืืคื. ืืจืื ืืื ืื ืื ืดื ืืืจืื ืืืดืฉ ืกืฉืฆืดื. ืืื ืืืดื ืืชืื ืืฉืชืืช ืืื ืืืงื - ืจืื ืืืจืฉ ืชืืคืืืช ืขืจื ืืืื ื ืืืืจื ืกืงืดื. ืืจืื ืืืดื ืคืืืื ืกืืดื ืกืงืืดื.
ืืืืื ืืขืืื ืขื ืืฉืืืื - ืื ื, ืืืืจ ืฉืืข ืกืืดื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืขืืื ืืฉืืดืก. ืืจืื ืืืจืืื ืืฉืดื ืกืคืดื ืกืงืดื. ืืืดื ืืขื ืื ื ื ืืคืชืืดื ืืืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืกืงืดื. ืืขืื (ืืืืดื ืืืืดื ืืืดื ืกืงืขืดื ืกืงืดื. ืืืดื ืกืงืืดื ืกืงืืดื. ืืืฉืดื ืืืกืชืคืง ืืืื ืืณ - ืื ื, ืืืืฃ ืืืจืืื ืืืืคื ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืืช ืื ืื). ืืืดื ืืฉืืดืช ื ืืืดื ืืืืืดืง ืืืดืข ืกืืดื. ืชืคืืจืช ืืขืงื ืืืืื ืจืคืดื ืืดื ืืืกืืจ ืืืขืืืช. ืืจืื ืฉืืดืช ืฉืืืดื ืืดื ืกืงืืดื (ืืชืืจืช ืืืืจื). ืืืืดื ืืืดื ืกืืณ ืก. ืืื ืืจื ืงืื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืืืจืืดืช ืกืงืืดื ืฉืืขืื ืกืืจื ืืืืืืจ, ืืณ ืจืง ืืืกืชืคืง, ืืกืืื ืขืื ืฉืืืดื.